'The Nightmare,' by Henry Fuseli, 1781. (Detroit Institute of Arts)
Editor’s note: The following story was produced by Richmond High School students for Youth Takeover week at KQED.
Imagine you’re asleep and you suddenly open your eyes. You try to reposition yourself, but something’s wrong. Your body won’t move, and it’s as if something is holding you down. You hear scratching in the corner of the room, then see a pitch-black figure. You think it’s just your mind playing tricks, until the figure starts moving, slowly. It’s getting closer. You shut your eyes, but you can hear it shuffling toward you.
This is what sleep paralysis is like.
Sleep paralysis usually occurs when you’re, well, asleep, says Allen Jenkins, a psychology teacher at Richmond High School.
“Your brain is telling you to go to sleep and to not move, because when you walk around in your sleep, that’s not good,” he said. “But some people have a problem with that not turning off. So when they wake up, they still can’t move.”
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People undergoing sleep paralysis might also feel pressure on their chest, a sense of dread and difficulty taking a breath. Some people also report experiencing hallucinations, like a shadowy figure in the darkness.
Even if a person experiences stimulation that doesn’t come from their environment, it can still happen within their brain.
“Everything you experience is perception. Your processing in your brain can be overactive,” Jenkins said. “You can think of it like dreaming when you’re wide awake. It seems real to you, but it just doesn’t happen to be occurring.”
Leslie Saechao, a student at Richmond High School, has experienced sleep paralysis. “I felt like I saw something in the dark. It was like a figure,” she said.
Saechao recalls lying in bed awake past midnight, feeling “paralyzed,” and seeing a blurry figure.
The incident has made her “paranoid” about sleeping, so she covers her face at night.
“I sleep next to the wall so I won’t see anything,” she said.
Sleep paralysis can occur as you fall asleep or as you wake up. It goes away by itself after a few seconds or a few minutes. People who experience this are usually in their teens, 20s and 30s.
Researchers believe sleep paralysis happens when someone’s sleep cycle is disrupted, and especially when they’re in a dream state. This occurs in the rapid eye movement or REM stage of sleep, and can be caused by anxiety and stress.
Yvette Villicaña first experienced sleep paralysis when she was in middle school.
“It’s not as overwhelming for me as other people, because I don’t see shadowy figures,” she said. “I try to move, but sometimes I can’t. And after some time, it does go away. I used to think I was the only one who experienced this.”
After working on this story for KQED’s “Youth Takeover,” Villicaña says it’s good to know she’s not alone, but it’s tough to realize other people have more traumatic experiences because of their hallucinations.
Sleep paralysis is harmless by itself but can lead to insomnia or narcolepsy, a more serious condition that causes uncontrollable sleepiness during the day.
You can try to stop sleep paralysis by avoiding naps and not sleeping on your back, because it makes you feel vulnerable. Consult a mental health professional for stress or anxiety. And if it doesn’t go away, seek help from a sleep specialist.
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Originally from Mexico City, she studied International Relations for her B.A. After graduating, she pursued her passion for underwater photography in South Africa and later worked as a video journalist for BuzzFeed News in New York City.\r\n\r\nIn 2020, she received her Master of Journalism from the University of California, Berkeley with a focus on documentary filmmaking. During the pandemic's early stages, she was a part of the COVID-19 California reporting initiative with The New York Times and the Investigative Reporting Program. \r\n\r\nHer work has been featured on PBS Frontline, PBS NOVA, CBS News, National Geographic, The Guardian and The New York Times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/192c377dfd982c86993f2351bc0d6fb2?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Rosa Tuirán | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer ","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/192c377dfd982c86993f2351bc0d6fb2?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/192c377dfd982c86993f2351bc0d6fb2?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/rtuiran"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1992580":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992580","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992580","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-tunnel-muck-to-tidal-marsh-bart-extension-could-benefit-the-bay","title":"From Tunnel Muck to Tidal Marsh, BART Extension Could Benefit the Bay","publishDate":1714993230,"format":"standard","headTitle":"From Tunnel Muck to Tidal Marsh, BART Extension Could Benefit the Bay | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The massive infrastructure project to extend BART through Downtown San José and into Santa Clara is inching closer to getting underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley Transportation Authority officials expect the $76 million tunnel boring machine ordered from Germany to be ready to start digging around 2026, making way for two side-by-side tracks along with three underground stations in San José’s Little Portugal neighborhood, Downtown and at Diridon Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the tunneling of nearly 5 miles and other excavation work, officials said the project overall will remove roughly 3.5 million cubic yards of dirt from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just potential riders, politicians and transit advocates who are anxiously waiting for the major work to begin; environmentalists working for years to restore historic marshlands in the San Francisco Bay are set to receive a major portion of that dug up earth to support their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to take the dirt from VTA’s BART to Silicon Valley Phase II project and dump it into the bottoms of former salt production ponds in the South Bay near North San José and Sunnyvale and not far from San José’s Alviso neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said the material will help accelerate the conversion of those ponds back into tidal marshes — nearly all of which were destroyed by human development in the Bay Area stretching back more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a terrific benefit if we can make it work with all the parties in to help us,” said Donna Ball, a senior scientist at San Francisco Estuary Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ball is the lead scientist on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, a multi-decade effort run by the California Coastal Conservancy and one of several active Bay restoration projects in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992549\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992549\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A walkway leading to pond A12 at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The restoration project plans to convert 15,000 acres of former Cargill salt ponds — sold to federal and state wildlife agencies in 2003 — back into marshes, which provide a slew of benefits to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tidal marshes do a lot of things. They do a lot of things for nature, for wildlife, they also do a lot of things for people,” said Dave Halsing, the executive manager for the restoration project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Marshes clean the waters of the Bay. They absorb greenhouse gasses,” Halsing said. “And then from the human end, they absorb the wave energy, and the tidal flows, and high tides and storm surges, and so they, on their own, provide a certain amount of flood protection benefits to human communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Bay restoration projects have often made good use of dirt from other construction and infrastructure projects previously, this is the first time the region has seen the use of what’s known as “tunnel muck” specifically to raise the bottoms of a former salt pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992551\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992551\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Halsing, Executive Project Manager at South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, beside A12 pond at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make the boring machine’s job easier and ensure all the dirt can be funneled out the back end, the soils will be injected with liquifying and softening agents just ahead of each section of the tunnel being cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what they’re digging through, it starts off as pure, deep bay mud, but when it comes out, it’s a little wetter and a little softer because of all these things they add to it, these conditioners,” Halsing said. That’s the muck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A raft of water regulatory and oversight agencies will take part in evaluating the environmental impact of the whole project, including examining the conditioners and testing the muck to ensure it’s safe to go into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the curve of sea level rise estimates expected to get steeper, experts estimate the Bay Area will need \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974464/the-next-big-business-in-a-warming-world-mud\">548 million metric tons of sediment to keep up\u003c/a> and to complete critical restoration projects, allowing marshes to form before those areas are inundated with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992550\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992550\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinkish water at pond A12 Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The naturally available supply of Bay mud and dirt is expected to fall short of what’s needed, making muck, dirt and sediment a hot commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the material is removed from the tunnel, it’ll need to be brought to the ponds. That might happen by rail, truck, or a pipeline that could be built for this effort, but officials said it’s a bit too soon to say what method will be chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However it gets there, though, Halsing is hopeful it’ll be a big boon to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restoration project team has been systematically trying to build marshes back up, in part by letting Bay water back into these ponds, like a \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@kqednews/video/7314099619074460970?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7348098946251965994\">levee breaching in Menlo Park in December\u003c/a>. The aim is to bring pond bottoms up to a level where marsh plants, like prolific pickleweed, can grow and spread, creating buffers between the tides and settled areas of the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marshes, once established, behave like a sponge, soaking up energy, absorbing water, and protecting infrastructure behind them, Halsing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without the aid of fill soil, the process of restoring marshes depends largely on the natural high and low tides that occur twice daily, which deposit only minuscule amounts of sediment with each pass, Halsing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992553\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992553\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinkish water at pond A12 at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The millions of yards of muck from the BART extension could shave decades off restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ponds near the Alviso neighborhood where officials are contemplating putting the material, known as pond A12, is today still a deep reddish pink color from bacteria that thrive in deeply salty water. The shores are crusted with white crystallized chunks of salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we move further along and sea level rise is more of a risk, this goal of raising the bottom elevation of these ponds with this imported tunnel material will be a huge kick-start, a jump-start to the natural processes that we would otherwise have to wait for,” Halsing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ann Calnan, VTA’s lead for the soil reuse project, said while the agency hopes to bring all 3.5 million cubic yards of soil to the ponds, the final amount will likely be lower. Some of the soil, especially near the surface, might not make the cleanliness cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992554\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992554\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Calnan, Environmental Lead at Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other factors, like weather conditions and breaks in the work periods for nesting seasons and duck hunting, could result in some soil being hauled off to quarries or landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernice Alaniz, a spokesperson for VTA’s BART project, said while the environmental benefit of the reuse project is one of the main selling points, using the soil for a climate-friendly project could have financial benefits, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1974464,science_1979603,quest_54442\"]Every truckload of soil taken to a landfill or quarry would cost the agency a “tipping fee” to dump the load. For every truckload, railcar, or pipeline full of soil, the agency can divert it to the ponds, and it can cut those fees, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaniz said the agency couldn’t provide a total cost for the soil reuse project until further decisions are made during the environmental review and design phases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transit agency has already received a $1.5 million grant from the California State Coastal Conservancy to help cover the environmental review costs for the project, and the California Wildlife Conservation Board awarded VTA with a $2.98 million grant to help cover the cost of designing the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaniz said the agency plans to seek more grants to cover other costs of the project, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mud from the making of a massive underground BART tunnel is being eyed to help bring marshes back to life in the South Bay.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1715029050,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1382},"headData":{"title":"From Tunnel Muck to Tidal Marsh, BART Extension Could Benefit the Bay | KQED","description":"Mud from the making of a massive underground BART tunnel is being eyed to help bring marshes back to life in the South Bay.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Tunnel Muck to Tidal Marsh, BART Extension Could Benefit the Bay","datePublished":"2024-05-06T11:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-06T20:57:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/jgeha\">Joseph Geha\u003c/a>","nprStoryId":"kqed-1992580","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992580/from-tunnel-muck-to-tidal-marsh-bart-extension-could-benefit-the-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The massive infrastructure project to extend BART through Downtown San José and into Santa Clara is inching closer to getting underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valley Transportation Authority officials expect the $76 million tunnel boring machine ordered from Germany to be ready to start digging around 2026, making way for two side-by-side tracks along with three underground stations in San José’s Little Portugal neighborhood, Downtown and at Diridon Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the tunneling of nearly 5 miles and other excavation work, officials said the project overall will remove roughly 3.5 million cubic yards of dirt from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just potential riders, politicians and transit advocates who are anxiously waiting for the major work to begin; environmentalists working for years to restore historic marshlands in the San Francisco Bay are set to receive a major portion of that dug up earth to support their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to take the dirt from VTA’s BART to Silicon Valley Phase II project and dump it into the bottoms of former salt production ponds in the South Bay near North San José and Sunnyvale and not far from San José’s Alviso neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said the material will help accelerate the conversion of those ponds back into tidal marshes — nearly all of which were destroyed by human development in the Bay Area stretching back more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a terrific benefit if we can make it work with all the parties in to help us,” said Donna Ball, a senior scientist at San Francisco Estuary Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ball is the lead scientist on the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, a multi-decade effort run by the California Coastal Conservancy and one of several active Bay restoration projects in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992549\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992549\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-01-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A walkway leading to pond A12 at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The restoration project plans to convert 15,000 acres of former Cargill salt ponds — sold to federal and state wildlife agencies in 2003 — back into marshes, which provide a slew of benefits to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tidal marshes do a lot of things. They do a lot of things for nature, for wildlife, they also do a lot of things for people,” said Dave Halsing, the executive manager for the restoration project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Marshes clean the waters of the Bay. They absorb greenhouse gasses,” Halsing said. “And then from the human end, they absorb the wave energy, and the tidal flows, and high tides and storm surges, and so they, on their own, provide a certain amount of flood protection benefits to human communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Bay restoration projects have often made good use of dirt from other construction and infrastructure projects previously, this is the first time the region has seen the use of what’s known as “tunnel muck” specifically to raise the bottoms of a former salt pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992551\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992551\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-05-KQED-scaled-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Halsing, Executive Project Manager at South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, beside A12 pond at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make the boring machine’s job easier and ensure all the dirt can be funneled out the back end, the soils will be injected with liquifying and softening agents just ahead of each section of the tunnel being cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what they’re digging through, it starts off as pure, deep bay mud, but when it comes out, it’s a little wetter and a little softer because of all these things they add to it, these conditioners,” Halsing said. That’s the muck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A raft of water regulatory and oversight agencies will take part in evaluating the environmental impact of the whole project, including examining the conditioners and testing the muck to ensure it’s safe to go into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the curve of sea level rise estimates expected to get steeper, experts estimate the Bay Area will need \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974464/the-next-big-business-in-a-warming-world-mud\">548 million metric tons of sediment to keep up\u003c/a> and to complete critical restoration projects, allowing marshes to form before those areas are inundated with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992550\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992550\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-02-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinkish water at pond A12 Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The naturally available supply of Bay mud and dirt is expected to fall short of what’s needed, making muck, dirt and sediment a hot commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the material is removed from the tunnel, it’ll need to be brought to the ponds. That might happen by rail, truck, or a pipeline that could be built for this effort, but officials said it’s a bit too soon to say what method will be chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However it gets there, though, Halsing is hopeful it’ll be a big boon to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restoration project team has been systematically trying to build marshes back up, in part by letting Bay water back into these ponds, like a \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@kqednews/video/7314099619074460970?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7348098946251965994\">levee breaching in Menlo Park in December\u003c/a>. The aim is to bring pond bottoms up to a level where marsh plants, like prolific pickleweed, can grow and spread, creating buffers between the tides and settled areas of the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marshes, once established, behave like a sponge, soaking up energy, absorbing water, and protecting infrastructure behind them, Halsing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without the aid of fill soil, the process of restoring marshes depends largely on the natural high and low tides that occur twice daily, which deposit only minuscule amounts of sediment with each pass, Halsing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992553\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992553\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-07-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinkish water at pond A12 at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The millions of yards of muck from the BART extension could shave decades off restoration work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ponds near the Alviso neighborhood where officials are contemplating putting the material, known as pond A12, is today still a deep reddish pink color from bacteria that thrive in deeply salty water. The shores are crusted with white crystallized chunks of salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we move further along and sea level rise is more of a risk, this goal of raising the bottom elevation of these ponds with this imported tunnel material will be a huge kick-start, a jump-start to the natural processes that we would otherwise have to wait for,” Halsing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ann Calnan, VTA’s lead for the soil reuse project, said while the agency hopes to bring all 3.5 million cubic yards of soil to the ponds, the final amount will likely be lower. Some of the soil, especially near the surface, might not make the cleanliness cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992554\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992554\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240501-BART-TUNNEL-MUCK-REUSE-MD-09-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Calnan, Environmental Lead at Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, at Alviso Marina County Park in Alviso on May 1, 2024. \u003ccite>(Martin do Nascimento/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other factors, like weather conditions and breaks in the work periods for nesting seasons and duck hunting, could result in some soil being hauled off to quarries or landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernice Alaniz, a spokesperson for VTA’s BART project, said while the environmental benefit of the reuse project is one of the main selling points, using the soil for a climate-friendly project could have financial benefits, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"science_1974464,science_1979603,quest_54442"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every truckload of soil taken to a landfill or quarry would cost the agency a “tipping fee” to dump the load. For every truckload, railcar, or pipeline full of soil, the agency can divert it to the ponds, and it can cut those fees, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaniz said the agency couldn’t provide a total cost for the soil reuse project until further decisions are made during the environmental review and design phases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transit agency has already received a $1.5 million grant from the California State Coastal Conservancy to help cover the environmental review costs for the project, and the California Wildlife Conservation Board awarded VTA with a $2.98 million grant to help cover the cost of designing the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaniz said the agency plans to seek more grants to cover other costs of the project, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992580/from-tunnel-muck-to-tidal-marsh-bart-extension-could-benefit-the-bay","authors":["byline_science_1992580"],"categories":["science_2874","science_31","science_89","science_35","science_4550","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_5298","science_4417","science_4414","science_5177","science_5299"],"featImg":"science_1992557","label":"science"},"science_1992613":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992613","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992613","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-second-largest-reservoir-filled-to-capacity","title":"California's Second-Largest Reservoir Filled to Capacity","publishDate":1715166040,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Second-Largest Reservoir Filled to Capacity | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Lake Oroville, California’s second-largest reservoir, is at full capacity for the second consecutive year, according to the state Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake, located on the Sierra Nevada’s western slope, provides water to several Bay Area cities. Lake Oroville’s storage is 99% of its capacity, a yearslong reversal from the severe drought that left the lake at its lowest level in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is great news for ensuring adequate water supply for millions of Californians & environmental needs,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CA_DWR/status/1787559119894790562\">the department wrote on X\u003c/a>, formerly Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CA_DWR/status/1787559119894790562\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2021, Lake Oroville’s level fell to 787,578 acre-feet, the lowest since the reservoir first filled in the late 1960s. The increased levels at Lake Oroville and positive snowpack levels across the state allowed the department to increase its water supply allocation to 40%, a 10% increase from April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year highlights the challenges of moving water in wet periods with the current pumping infrastructure in the south Delta. We had both record low pumping for a wet year and high fish salvage at the pumps,” Karla Nemeth, the department’s director, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a wet March, Lake Oroville’s storage is 99% of its capacity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1715217220,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":207},"headData":{"title":"California's Second-Largest Reservoir Filled to Capacity | KQED","description":"After a wet March, Lake Oroville’s storage is 99% of its capacity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California's Second-Largest Reservoir Filled to Capacity","datePublished":"2024-05-08T11:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-09T01:13:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Water ","sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992613","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992613/californias-second-largest-reservoir-filled-to-capacity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Oroville, California’s second-largest reservoir, is at full capacity for the second consecutive year, according to the state Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake, located on the Sierra Nevada’s western slope, provides water to several Bay Area cities. Lake Oroville’s storage is 99% of its capacity, a yearslong reversal from the severe drought that left the lake at its lowest level in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is great news for ensuring adequate water supply for millions of Californians & environmental needs,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CA_DWR/status/1787559119894790562\">the department wrote on X\u003c/a>, formerly Twitter.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1787559119894790562"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>In September 2021, Lake Oroville’s level fell to 787,578 acre-feet, the lowest since the reservoir first filled in the late 1960s. The increased levels at Lake Oroville and positive snowpack levels across the state allowed the department to increase its water supply allocation to 40%, a 10% increase from April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year highlights the challenges of moving water in wet periods with the current pumping infrastructure in the south Delta. We had both record low pumping for a wet year and high fish salvage at the pumps,” Karla Nemeth, the department’s director, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992613/californias-second-largest-reservoir-filled-to-capacity","authors":["11690"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450","science_98"],"tags":["science_201"],"featImg":"science_1981944","label":"source_science_1992613"},"science_1992639":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992639","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-regulators-approve-adding-24-fixed-fee-to-utility-bills","title":"California Regulators Approve Adding Fixed Charge of Up to $24 to Utility Bills","publishDate":1715284832,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California Regulators Approve Adding Fixed Charge of Up to $24 to Utility Bills | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 5 p.m. Thursday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting late next year, most California residents will see a new fixed charge of up to $24.15 on their monthly electric bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s after the California Public Utilities Commission voted unanimously on Thursday in favor of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a controversial proposal that will lower the amount consumers are charged per kilowatt hour while adding the fixed charge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new charge will vary by income, with some lower-income households paying $6 or $12. But most middle- and high-income households will pay the full amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange for the new charge, the price of electricity will drop by between 5 cents and 7 cents per kilowatt hour. One kilowatt hour is how much power it takes to use a 1,000-watt appliance — a coffee maker or vacuum cleaner, for instance — for one hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC President Alice Reynolds said the new rate structure will incentivize people to use more clean energy and help pay for modernizing the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re marching towards the future we want to see; we want this load growth,” she said. “One where we can replace gas-guzzling cars on our roads with EVs that run on clean electricity and emit less pollutants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California now gets most of its energy from things like solar panels and wind turbines as opposed to burning coal and other fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gasses and contribute to climate change. As a result, California’s leaders have been asking residents to use more electricity than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a time now when our climate goals are not met by necessarily using less electricity. We need to start using more electricity overall,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"more energy coverage\" tag=\"energy\"]In 2022, California accounted for 37% of the nation’s light-duty electric vehicles, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The state has also pushed policies to encourage people to electrify their homes, like installing electric heat pumps and stoves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who use a lot of energy each month, the proposal approved on Thursday will likely lower their monthly bills. People who own electric cars and have electrified their homes will save an average of between $28 and $44 per month, according to the commission. That’s because the savings they get from the price drop on electricity will be more than the amount they pay for the new fixed charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will also benefit people who live in areas of the state that get really hot. People in Fresno — where temperatures can often exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit — would save about $33 running their air conditioners during the summer, according to the commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the move to add the fixed charge, which most utilities in the U.S. already do, has been steeped in controversy, with some critics arguing it will ultimately increase monthly utility bills for middle-income families, and for households that don’t use as much energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This includes people who live in smaller apartments, have solar panels on their roofs or who live in cooler areas and don’t use air conditioning as much. For them, the decrease in the price of electricity would not be enough to offset the amount of the new monthly charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clear that there are better ways to reduce California’s extremely high utility rates and encourage electrification,” said Stephanie Doyle, California state affairs director for the Solar Energy Industries Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are also torn over the change, with some saying it will help more people convert to clean energy and others saying it won’t make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using more electricity has strained the state’s supply. In the summer of 2020, demand for electricity was so high that the officials had to order rolling blackouts to make sure the state didn’t run out of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have urged people to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/health-california-heat-waves-stress-10518035e8deed91b46743ed969899b1\">conserve energy during peak hours\u003c/a>, between 4 p.m. and 9 p.m., when energy from solar is less abundant. Opponents worry this proposal, by lowering the price for electricity, will discourage people from doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you wanted to design a policy instrument that would send the signal that conservation doesn’t count, this would be it,” said Ken Cook, president of the Environmental Working Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commissioner John Reynolds noted utility companies are already allowed to increase their rates during peak hours to incentivize energy conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that this fixed charge proposal will undermine the motivation to conserve is, quite frankly, laughable,” he said. “It’s a simplistic way to view this decision, and we all know that our energy situation and rate design are anything but simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has the nation’s second-highest\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/california/article/electricity-price-rate-pge-19429422.php\"> utilities rate after Hawaii\u003c/a>. The national average fixed rate for electric bills is about \u003ca href=\"https://haas.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/WP294.pd\">$11 per month\u003c/a> — the new standard rate for California is more than double that. Currently, California operates under a pay-as-you-go model, with improvements to the power grid wrapped into the overall usage rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loretta Lynch, former president of the CPUC, said on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101905607/california-puc-considers-new-fixed-charge-for-electricity\">KQED’s Forum that\u003c/a> a fixed rate would hurt coastal dwellers in apartments and small houses who don’t use a lot of air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means virtually all low-income customers in San Francisco and Oakland, and maybe even farther than that — those people are going to pay more,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Cynthia Martinez, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictablepower.org/#About\">Predictable Power Coalition\u003c/a>, which includes California’s three biggest utility companies, argued that a flat rate would lower costs for families struggling to pay their bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For people who live in hotter climates, who really have no choice but to run their air conditioning more often, they’re paying higher costs that go toward grid upkeep,” Martinez said. Separating electricity usage costs from the cost to maintain the grid, she added, is more equitable and “will provide fairness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fixed-rate plan has vexed Democrats at the state Capitol, who have been caught between wanting to promote energy conservation and help low-income customers. When a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1326\">proposal to roll back the fixed-rate plan\u003c/a> came up in the Senate Energy, Utilities and Communications Committee last month, all 14 Democrats on the panel abstained from voting — preventing the proposal from advancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Questions remain over incentive to electrify\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Right now, in California, if you use a lot of electricity, you pay more. If you live an energy-efficient lifestyle, you pay less. Sylvie Ashford, an energy analyst for \u003ca href=\"https://www.turn.org/\">The Utility Reform Network,\u003c/a> or TURN, said that won’t change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group supports the new fixed rate, which Ashford said will incentivize people to convert to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Consumers report one of the biggest barriers to buying electric vehicles and electric heat pumps to be the high and rising cost of electricity,” Ashford said. “When it becomes 8% to 10% cheaper on each kilowatt hour, your operating costs on your electric vehicle or your electric heat pump become that much more competitive with polluting gas alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashford said that while fixed rates are a good first step, the state must do more to address California’s skyrocketing electricity fees, like keeping utility revenue requirements and shareholder profits in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nihal Shrinath, an attorney with the Sierra Club, said policies designed to make more people go electric need to be paired with an electricity rate reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s naive to assume that customers are so attuned to rates that a 10% reduction will all of a sudden convince a bunch of folks to electrify,” Shrinath said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club described the proposal as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2024/03/california-public-utilities-commission-proposes-three-tiers-income-based\">“mixed bag.\u003c/a>” They would like to see the CPUC introduce a moderate-income tier and cut rates for the lowest earners to $0. As it stands now, Shrinath said the policy would charge the same $24 rate to a family making $63,000 annually and an individual who brings in millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.stoptheutilitytax.org/\">coalition\u003c/a> of more than 240 environmental and renter organizations have fought the proposal. They worry that since there is no proposed cap on the fixed rate, nothing would prevent utilities from hiking up the price in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynch said PG&E rates have steadily risen over the past 20 years, then shot up in the last five. At the same time, the utility company has multiple pending rate increases. She said their statement that rates will go down “sounds a little like hopes and prayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has said that this plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/demand-response/demand-flexibility-oir/ab205-pd-032724.pdf\">will not increase profits for PG&E and other utilities\u003c/a> but will cover their rising costs, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.publicadvocates.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cal-advocates-website/files/press-room/reports-and-analyses/240118-caladvocates-fixed-charge-overview-web.pdf\">wildfire mitigation\u003c/a> and putting power lines underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill amended in the state Legislature on Wednesday would limit any increase in the new fixed charge to not more than the increase in inflation. It would also cap the amount of the fixed charge to a maximum of $10 beginning in 2028.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We must do more to rein in the ever-growing cost of living in our state, not find new ways to add to it,” Republicans in the California Senate wrote in a letter urging the commission to reject the fixed charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal is much lower than what the state’s investor-owned utility companies had asked for, which was a charge between $53 and $71 per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes reporting from the Associated Press’ Adam Beam.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The California Public Utilities Commission voted unanimously on Thursday in favor of a controversial proposal that will lower the amount consumers are charged per kilowatt hour, while adding the fixed charge, based on income, by 2025.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1715300753,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":43,"wordCount":1623},"headData":{"title":"California Regulators Approve Adding Fixed Charge of Up to $24 to Utility Bills | KQED","description":"The California Public Utilities Commission voted unanimously on Thursday in favor of a controversial proposal that will lower the amount consumers are charged per kilowatt hour, while adding the fixed charge, based on income, by 2025.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Regulators Approve Adding Fixed Charge of Up to $24 to Utility Bills","datePublished":"2024-05-09T20:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-10T00:25:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"WpOldSlug":"california-regulators-consider-adding-24-fixed-fee-to-utility-bills","nprByline":"Alix Soliman, Guy Marzorati and Kevin Stark","nprStoryId":"kqed-1992639","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992639/california-regulators-approve-adding-24-fixed-fee-to-utility-bills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 5 p.m. Thursday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting late next year, most California residents will see a new fixed charge of up to $24.15 on their monthly electric bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s after the California Public Utilities Commission voted unanimously on Thursday in favor of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a controversial proposal that will lower the amount consumers are charged per kilowatt hour while adding the fixed charge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new charge will vary by income, with some lower-income households paying $6 or $12. But most middle- and high-income households will pay the full amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange for the new charge, the price of electricity will drop by between 5 cents and 7 cents per kilowatt hour. One kilowatt hour is how much power it takes to use a 1,000-watt appliance — a coffee maker or vacuum cleaner, for instance — for one hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC President Alice Reynolds said the new rate structure will incentivize people to use more clean energy and help pay for modernizing the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re marching towards the future we want to see; we want this load growth,” she said. “One where we can replace gas-guzzling cars on our roads with EVs that run on clean electricity and emit less pollutants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California now gets most of its energy from things like solar panels and wind turbines as opposed to burning coal and other fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gasses and contribute to climate change. As a result, California’s leaders have been asking residents to use more electricity than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re at a time now when our climate goals are not met by necessarily using less electricity. We need to start using more electricity overall,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"more energy coverage ","tag":"energy"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In 2022, California accounted for 37% of the nation’s light-duty electric vehicles, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The state has also pushed policies to encourage people to electrify their homes, like installing electric heat pumps and stoves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who use a lot of energy each month, the proposal approved on Thursday will likely lower their monthly bills. People who own electric cars and have electrified their homes will save an average of between $28 and $44 per month, according to the commission. That’s because the savings they get from the price drop on electricity will be more than the amount they pay for the new fixed charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will also benefit people who live in areas of the state that get really hot. People in Fresno — where temperatures can often exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit — would save about $33 running their air conditioners during the summer, according to the commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the move to add the fixed charge, which most utilities in the U.S. already do, has been steeped in controversy, with some critics arguing it will ultimately increase monthly utility bills for middle-income families, and for households that don’t use as much energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This includes people who live in smaller apartments, have solar panels on their roofs or who live in cooler areas and don’t use air conditioning as much. For them, the decrease in the price of electricity would not be enough to offset the amount of the new monthly charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clear that there are better ways to reduce California’s extremely high utility rates and encourage electrification,” said Stephanie Doyle, California state affairs director for the Solar Energy Industries Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are also torn over the change, with some saying it will help more people convert to clean energy and others saying it won’t make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using more electricity has strained the state’s supply. In the summer of 2020, demand for electricity was so high that the officials had to order rolling blackouts to make sure the state didn’t run out of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials have urged people to \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/health-california-heat-waves-stress-10518035e8deed91b46743ed969899b1\">conserve energy during peak hours\u003c/a>, between 4 p.m. and 9 p.m., when energy from solar is less abundant. Opponents worry this proposal, by lowering the price for electricity, will discourage people from doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you wanted to design a policy instrument that would send the signal that conservation doesn’t count, this would be it,” said Ken Cook, president of the Environmental Working Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commissioner John Reynolds noted utility companies are already allowed to increase their rates during peak hours to incentivize energy conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that this fixed charge proposal will undermine the motivation to conserve is, quite frankly, laughable,” he said. “It’s a simplistic way to view this decision, and we all know that our energy situation and rate design are anything but simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has the nation’s second-highest\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/california/article/electricity-price-rate-pge-19429422.php\"> utilities rate after Hawaii\u003c/a>. The national average fixed rate for electric bills is about \u003ca href=\"https://haas.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/WP294.pd\">$11 per month\u003c/a> — the new standard rate for California is more than double that. Currently, California operates under a pay-as-you-go model, with improvements to the power grid wrapped into the overall usage rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loretta Lynch, former president of the CPUC, said on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101905607/california-puc-considers-new-fixed-charge-for-electricity\">KQED’s Forum that\u003c/a> a fixed rate would hurt coastal dwellers in apartments and small houses who don’t use a lot of air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means virtually all low-income customers in San Francisco and Oakland, and maybe even farther than that — those people are going to pay more,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Cynthia Martinez, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictablepower.org/#About\">Predictable Power Coalition\u003c/a>, which includes California’s three biggest utility companies, argued that a flat rate would lower costs for families struggling to pay their bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For people who live in hotter climates, who really have no choice but to run their air conditioning more often, they’re paying higher costs that go toward grid upkeep,” Martinez said. Separating electricity usage costs from the cost to maintain the grid, she added, is more equitable and “will provide fairness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fixed-rate plan has vexed Democrats at the state Capitol, who have been caught between wanting to promote energy conservation and help low-income customers. When a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1326\">proposal to roll back the fixed-rate plan\u003c/a> came up in the Senate Energy, Utilities and Communications Committee last month, all 14 Democrats on the panel abstained from voting — preventing the proposal from advancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Questions remain over incentive to electrify\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Right now, in California, if you use a lot of electricity, you pay more. If you live an energy-efficient lifestyle, you pay less. Sylvie Ashford, an energy analyst for \u003ca href=\"https://www.turn.org/\">The Utility Reform Network,\u003c/a> or TURN, said that won’t change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group supports the new fixed rate, which Ashford said will incentivize people to convert to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Consumers report one of the biggest barriers to buying electric vehicles and electric heat pumps to be the high and rising cost of electricity,” Ashford said. “When it becomes 8% to 10% cheaper on each kilowatt hour, your operating costs on your electric vehicle or your electric heat pump become that much more competitive with polluting gas alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashford said that while fixed rates are a good first step, the state must do more to address California’s skyrocketing electricity fees, like keeping utility revenue requirements and shareholder profits in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nihal Shrinath, an attorney with the Sierra Club, said policies designed to make more people go electric need to be paired with an electricity rate reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s naive to assume that customers are so attuned to rates that a 10% reduction will all of a sudden convince a bunch of folks to electrify,” Shrinath said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club described the proposal as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2024/03/california-public-utilities-commission-proposes-three-tiers-income-based\">“mixed bag.\u003c/a>” They would like to see the CPUC introduce a moderate-income tier and cut rates for the lowest earners to $0. As it stands now, Shrinath said the policy would charge the same $24 rate to a family making $63,000 annually and an individual who brings in millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.stoptheutilitytax.org/\">coalition\u003c/a> of more than 240 environmental and renter organizations have fought the proposal. They worry that since there is no proposed cap on the fixed rate, nothing would prevent utilities from hiking up the price in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynch said PG&E rates have steadily risen over the past 20 years, then shot up in the last five. At the same time, the utility company has multiple pending rate increases. She said their statement that rates will go down “sounds a little like hopes and prayers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC has said that this plan \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/demand-response/demand-flexibility-oir/ab205-pd-032724.pdf\">will not increase profits for PG&E and other utilities\u003c/a> but will cover their rising costs, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.publicadvocates.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cal-advocates-website/files/press-room/reports-and-analyses/240118-caladvocates-fixed-charge-overview-web.pdf\">wildfire mitigation\u003c/a> and putting power lines underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill amended in the state Legislature on Wednesday would limit any increase in the new fixed charge to not more than the increase in inflation. It would also cap the amount of the fixed charge to a maximum of $10 beginning in 2028.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We must do more to rein in the ever-growing cost of living in our state, not find new ways to add to it,” Republicans in the California Senate wrote in a letter urging the commission to reject the fixed charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal is much lower than what the state’s investor-owned utility companies had asked for, which was a charge between $53 and $71 per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story includes reporting from the Associated Press’ Adam Beam.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992639/california-regulators-approve-adding-24-fixed-fee-to-utility-bills","authors":["byline_science_1992639"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5178","science_142","science_135","science_134","science_4417","science_4414"],"featImg":"science_1992646","label":"science"},"science_1992627":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992627","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992627","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"elk-would-roam-free-campers-would-not-under-proposed-changes-at-pt-reyes-national-seashore","title":"Elk Would Roam Free, Campers Would Not, Under Proposed Changes at Point Reyes National Seashore","publishDate":1715178624,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Elk Would Roam Free, Campers Would Not, Under Proposed Changes at Point Reyes National Seashore | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The National Park Service is considering letting an elk herd roam free and ending boat-in dispersed camping to protect the environment and the health of the elk at the Tomales Point area of Point Reyes National Seashore, according to an NPS spokesperson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the tule elk herd is contained within a fence and supported by mineral licks and drinking water stations installed during the last drought. The park’s preferred course of action would be to remove the fence and allow the elk free range with no artificial support. An alternative option would leave the support and fence in place but would sometimes require culling the herd to keep the population in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the culling of elk within the National Seashore has been intensely controversial. The park, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinij.com/2021/09/13/point-reyes-adopts-controversial-ranch-elk-plan/\">new management plan\u003c/a> adopted in 2021, has committed to keeping cattle ranching in place, extending ranching leases to up to 20-year terms. The agricultural community has generally opposed removing the fence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another major proposed change is the end of dispersed boat-in camping. Currently, visitors with a permit can boat or kayak into one of several beaches and camp more or less where they like, leading to trampled vegetation, spreading trash and improper disposal of human waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park wants to develop a new system where boat-in campers would get reservations for specific locations at beaches and coves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes to the management of the elk herd and the type of camping allowed in the area are part of the 85-page \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=333&projectID=108690&documentID=136861\">Tomales Point Area Plan and environmental assessment\u003c/a>. The park has consulted the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria to incorporate tribal views and knowledge into the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park system released the proposed changes this week. There is now a monthlong public review and comment period, ending June 5. The public is invited to consider three options for the changes: the park’s preferred course of action, an alternative and doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who want to comment can submit their thoughts through the park’s website, attend an \u003ca href=\"https://www.zoomgov.com/webinar/register/WN_mJYxRXSlTo2vdQYPsnjLBw#/registration\">online meeting\u003c/a> on May 22, or submit them by mail or hand delivery to 1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Tomales Point Area Plan includes proposed changes to elk herd management and the type of camping allowed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1715188593,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":372},"headData":{"title":"Elk Would Roam Free, Campers Would Not, Under Proposed Changes at Point Reyes National Seashore | KQED","description":"The Tomales Point Area Plan includes proposed changes to elk herd management and the type of camping allowed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Elk Would Roam Free, Campers Would Not, Under Proposed Changes at Point Reyes National Seashore","datePublished":"2024-05-08T14:30:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-08T17:16:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992627","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992627/elk-would-roam-free-campers-would-not-under-proposed-changes-at-pt-reyes-national-seashore","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service is considering letting an elk herd roam free and ending boat-in dispersed camping to protect the environment and the health of the elk at the Tomales Point area of Point Reyes National Seashore, according to an NPS spokesperson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the tule elk herd is contained within a fence and supported by mineral licks and drinking water stations installed during the last drought. The park’s preferred course of action would be to remove the fence and allow the elk free range with no artificial support. An alternative option would leave the support and fence in place but would sometimes require culling the herd to keep the population in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the culling of elk within the National Seashore has been intensely controversial. The park, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinij.com/2021/09/13/point-reyes-adopts-controversial-ranch-elk-plan/\">new management plan\u003c/a> adopted in 2021, has committed to keeping cattle ranching in place, extending ranching leases to up to 20-year terms. The agricultural community has generally opposed removing the fence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another major proposed change is the end of dispersed boat-in camping. Currently, visitors with a permit can boat or kayak into one of several beaches and camp more or less where they like, leading to trampled vegetation, spreading trash and improper disposal of human waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park wants to develop a new system where boat-in campers would get reservations for specific locations at beaches and coves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes to the management of the elk herd and the type of camping allowed in the area are part of the 85-page \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/document.cfm?parkID=333&projectID=108690&documentID=136861\">Tomales Point Area Plan and environmental assessment\u003c/a>. The park has consulted the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria to incorporate tribal views and knowledge into the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park system released the proposed changes this week. There is now a monthlong public review and comment period, ending June 5. The public is invited to consider three options for the changes: the park’s preferred course of action, an alternative and doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who want to comment can submit their thoughts through the park’s website, attend an \u003ca href=\"https://www.zoomgov.com/webinar/register/WN_mJYxRXSlTo2vdQYPsnjLBw#/registration\">online meeting\u003c/a> on May 22, or submit them by mail or hand delivery to 1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992627/elk-would-roam-free-campers-would-not-under-proposed-changes-at-pt-reyes-national-seashore","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_192","science_956"],"featImg":"science_1992626","label":"science"},"science_1992430":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992430","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992430","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-bug-you-didnt-know-you-were-eating","title":"Meet the Bug You Didn't Know You Were Eating","publishDate":1715090758,"format":"video","headTitle":"Meet the Bug You Didn’t Know You Were Eating | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The cochineal is a tiny insect deeply rooted in the history of Oaxaca, Mexico. Female cochineals spend most of their lives with their heads buried in juicy cactus pads, eating and growing. After cochineals die, their legacy lives on in the brilliant red hue produced by their hemolymph. Dyes made from cochineal have been used in textiles, paintings, and even in your food!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You’ve seen this brilliant red before. In textiles, world-renowned paintings, even in the red coats once worn by the British army. In fact, you’ve probably even tasted this color. And it all comes from an insect deeply rooted in the history of Oaxaca, Mexico: cochineal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of blood, most insects and arachnids have hemolymph, which is clear. But the cochineal’s hemolymph is a rich crimson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the vibrant color they produce, their life isn’t exactly adventurous. They begin as a pinhead-sized nymph, also called a crawler, for obvious reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wanders around juicy cactus pads looking for a place to dig in. The nymph starts bright red, but within hours of hatching, it’s coated in fluffy white wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filaments of wax ooze out of these pores and grow longer than the nymph’s own body. This coating prevents the insects from drying out in the hot sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a female finds the perfect place to dine, she uses her mouth to hook in and hold on. She’ll stay here for the rest of her life, eating, ballooning in size and making even more wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Males, when they’re a few weeks old, encase themselves in cocoons. When they emerge, butt first, they’ve grown wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These can help them glide to other nearby cactus pads in search of a mate. But usually a female is just steps away. They get busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks after mating, female cochineals lay their eggs. Within minutes, bright red nymphs hatch, often before the eggs have even dropped!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s responsible for the cochineal’s deep, dark red? Carminic acid, a bitter substance that deters nearly all predators. But not this hungry beetle larva. It gulps down so many cochineals it turns red itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No hiding what you had for lunch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carminic acid is most concentrated in female cochineals, which live three to four months. To harvest female cochineals, people gently brush them off cacti and dry them in the sun. Indigenous people in Mexico cultivated cochineal long before Spain made it a global commodity. In the 1700s, the insect was as valuable as silver. Not only was its pigment beautiful, it was also fade-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Teotitlán del Valle, a Zapotec town outside Oaxaca city, weaver Marina González grinds dried cochineal on a metate. She dissolves the powder into large tubs of boiling water to dye wool. Next, her son Juan Carlos removes the wool, cleans it and dries it. Juan Carlos’ brother Alejandro uses a loom to transform the colored wool into stunning designs. It takes about 5,000 dried cochineals to dye this medium-sized tapestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cochineal shows up in other places too, like your food. Manufacturers often use it as an alternative to artificial dyes. But it may cause allergies, and it is definitely not vegetarian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cochineal’s lasting, vibrant color may be the closest the natural world has come to making a perfect red. This insect may only live a few months. But its legacy will live on for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, it’s Laura! In food, cochineal is labeled “carmine,” “cochineal extract,” “E120” or “natural red 4.”\u003cbr>\nAnd speaking of red, let’s talk ladybugs! They fly huge distances to gather by the thousands – in a big ole cuddle puddle. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The cochineal is a tiny insect deeply rooted in the history of Oaxaca, Mexico. Female cochineals spend most of their lives with their heads buried in juicy cactus pads, eating and growing. After cochineals die, their legacy lives on in the brilliant red hue produced by their hemolymph. Dyes made from cochineal have been used in textiles, paintings, and even in your food!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1715395622,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":647},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Bug You Didn't Know You Were Eating | KQED","description":"The cochineal is a tiny insect deeply rooted in the history of Oaxaca, Mexico. Female cochineals spend most of their lives with their heads buried in juicy cactus pads, eating and growing. After cochineals die, their legacy lives on in the brilliant red hue produced by their hemolymph. Dyes made from cochineal have been used in textiles, paintings, and even in your food!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meet the Bug You Didn't Know You Were Eating","datePublished":"2024-05-07T14:05:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-11T02:47:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuGfWVBjOxU","sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992430","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992430/meet-the-bug-you-didnt-know-you-were-eating","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The cochineal is a tiny insect deeply rooted in the history of Oaxaca, Mexico. Female cochineals spend most of their lives with their heads buried in juicy cactus pads, eating and growing. After cochineals die, their legacy lives on in the brilliant red hue produced by their hemolymph. Dyes made from cochineal have been used in textiles, paintings, and even in your food!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>You’ve seen this brilliant red before. In textiles, world-renowned paintings, even in the red coats once worn by the British army. In fact, you’ve probably even tasted this color. And it all comes from an insect deeply rooted in the history of Oaxaca, Mexico: cochineal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of blood, most insects and arachnids have hemolymph, which is clear. But the cochineal’s hemolymph is a rich crimson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the vibrant color they produce, their life isn’t exactly adventurous. They begin as a pinhead-sized nymph, also called a crawler, for obvious reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wanders around juicy cactus pads looking for a place to dig in. The nymph starts bright red, but within hours of hatching, it’s coated in fluffy white wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Filaments of wax ooze out of these pores and grow longer than the nymph’s own body. This coating prevents the insects from drying out in the hot sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a female finds the perfect place to dine, she uses her mouth to hook in and hold on. She’ll stay here for the rest of her life, eating, ballooning in size and making even more wax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Males, when they’re a few weeks old, encase themselves in cocoons. When they emerge, butt first, they’ve grown wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These can help them glide to other nearby cactus pads in search of a mate. But usually a female is just steps away. They get busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks after mating, female cochineals lay their eggs. Within minutes, bright red nymphs hatch, often before the eggs have even dropped!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s responsible for the cochineal’s deep, dark red? Carminic acid, a bitter substance that deters nearly all predators. But not this hungry beetle larva. It gulps down so many cochineals it turns red itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No hiding what you had for lunch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carminic acid is most concentrated in female cochineals, which live three to four months. To harvest female cochineals, people gently brush them off cacti and dry them in the sun. Indigenous people in Mexico cultivated cochineal long before Spain made it a global commodity. In the 1700s, the insect was as valuable as silver. Not only was its pigment beautiful, it was also fade-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Teotitlán del Valle, a Zapotec town outside Oaxaca city, weaver Marina González grinds dried cochineal on a metate. She dissolves the powder into large tubs of boiling water to dye wool. Next, her son Juan Carlos removes the wool, cleans it and dries it. Juan Carlos’ brother Alejandro uses a loom to transform the colored wool into stunning designs. It takes about 5,000 dried cochineals to dye this medium-sized tapestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cochineal shows up in other places too, like your food. Manufacturers often use it as an alternative to artificial dyes. But it may cause allergies, and it is definitely not vegetarian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cochineal’s lasting, vibrant color may be the closest the natural world has come to making a perfect red. This insect may only live a few months. But its legacy will live on for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, it’s Laura! In food, cochineal is labeled “carmine,” “cochineal extract,” “E120” or “natural red 4.”\u003cbr>\nAnd speaking of red, let’s talk ladybugs! They fly huge distances to gather by the thousands – in a big ole cuddle puddle. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992430/meet-the-bug-you-didnt-know-you-were-eating","authors":["11858"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_5279","science_5276","science_5280","science_5278","science_5277"],"featImg":"science_1992704","label":"science_1935"},"science_1992597":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992597","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992597","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-storms-to-sunscreen-bay-area-weather-turnaround-is-here","title":"From Storms to Sunscreen: Bay Area Weather Turnaround Is Here","publishDate":1715029240,"format":"standard","headTitle":"From Storms to Sunscreen: Bay Area Weather Turnaround Is Here | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>After a weekend of downpours across the Bay Area and snow storms in the Sierra Nevada, forecasters expect a complete weather turnaround this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen is going to be important,” said Dalton Behringer, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Bay Area office. “We’ve had some clear days, but this is going to be the warmest period this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures over the next week could reach 90 degrees in some areas of the Central Valley, into the upper 80s in inland parts of the Bay Area, and the 70s in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm weather comes just days after storms dropped up to two feet of snow across the Sierra, blanketing the mountain range in fresh powder — and delivering the heaviest single-day snowfall of the 2023–24 season, according to the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\nAlthough such weather shifts aren’t irregular for the shoulder season transitioning into summer, this week’s turnaround may be drastic in some areas. The warming bears fingerprints of climate-change-driven swings between extreme precipitation and drying out, climate experts said, but it isn’t abnormal for May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t necessarily in the realm of extremes,” Behringer said. “Whenever we talk about weather whiplash, we usually talk about more extreme levels than this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1787418932087046197\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the temperatures prompted NWS advisories for people sensitive to heat and the unhoused population, especially those in the South or East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Rowe, senior service hydrologist with NWS in Sacramento, said that because night-time temperatures will drop, forecasters don’t expect the warm-up to cause too much melting of the snowpack, which statewide is at \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">99% of the average for this time of year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t classify this as a heat wave,” he said. “Overnight temperatures are going to stay cool, and that’s going to provide ample relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rowe expects an increase in runoff over the next week. This is vital to water managers because the snowpack fills reservoirs as it melts in the spring and summer, providing water that millions of Californians and farms rely on. However, melting that occurs too rapidly can cause problems with flooding and an early depletion of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/UCB_CSSL/status/1787160675728679277\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The snowmelt over the next week could be kept in check by the new layer of bright white that fell on top of older, dirty snow, which can slow melting, said Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this past weekend’s storm represents the single snowiest day in May in recorded history in some parts of the Sierra, it’s not enough to totally prevent melting overall as temperatures heat up. Schwartz said if the warm temperatures last for weeks, major melting could occur, threatening the life of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could create a lot of snowmelt … but it’s not necessarily anything that’s throwing up red flags for us right now,” he said.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID=\"science_1992513,science_1991123,science_1991417\" label=\"Related Stories\"]\u003cbr>\nThe warmer conditions are expected to last more than a week before a slight chance of wetter weather as storm season gives way to a “summertime pattern,” according to Behringer, the NWS meteorologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the cool days turn into hot days, Schwartz noted that an abnormal snowfall followed by a drying pattern is a “signature” of a warming world marked by human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increased severity of events is definitely a fingerprint of climate change, but it’s not the whole story,” he said. “In these shoulder seasons, we occasionally have large snowfall events, and that’s happened for a long time. So, it’s kind of both natural variability and the climate change component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After a weekend of stormy weather, meteorologists forecast sunny skies and warmer temperatures for the foreseeable future.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1715031493,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":669},"headData":{"title":"From Storms to Sunscreen: Bay Area Weather Turnaround Is Here | KQED","description":"After a weekend of stormy weather, meteorologists forecast sunny skies and warmer temperatures for the foreseeable future.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Storms to Sunscreen: Bay Area Weather Turnaround Is Here","datePublished":"2024-05-06T21:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-06T21:38:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992597","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992597/from-storms-to-sunscreen-bay-area-weather-turnaround-is-here","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a weekend of downpours across the Bay Area and snow storms in the Sierra Nevada, forecasters expect a complete weather turnaround this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen is going to be important,” said Dalton Behringer, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Bay Area office. “We’ve had some clear days, but this is going to be the warmest period this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures over the next week could reach 90 degrees in some areas of the Central Valley, into the upper 80s in inland parts of the Bay Area, and the 70s in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm weather comes just days after storms dropped up to two feet of snow across the Sierra, blanketing the mountain range in fresh powder — and delivering the heaviest single-day snowfall of the 2023–24 season, according to the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nAlthough such weather shifts aren’t irregular for the shoulder season transitioning into summer, this week’s turnaround may be drastic in some areas. The warming bears fingerprints of climate-change-driven swings between extreme precipitation and drying out, climate experts said, but it isn’t abnormal for May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t necessarily in the realm of extremes,” Behringer said. “Whenever we talk about weather whiplash, we usually talk about more extreme levels than this.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1787418932087046197"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Still, the temperatures prompted NWS advisories for people sensitive to heat and the unhoused population, especially those in the South or East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Rowe, senior service hydrologist with NWS in Sacramento, said that because night-time temperatures will drop, forecasters don’t expect the warm-up to cause too much melting of the snowpack, which statewide is at \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/snowapp/sweq.action\">99% of the average for this time of year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t classify this as a heat wave,” he said. “Overnight temperatures are going to stay cool, and that’s going to provide ample relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rowe expects an increase in runoff over the next week. This is vital to water managers because the snowpack fills reservoirs as it melts in the spring and summer, providing water that millions of Californians and farms rely on. However, melting that occurs too rapidly can cause problems with flooding and an early depletion of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1787160675728679277"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The snowmelt over the next week could be kept in check by the new layer of bright white that fell on top of older, dirty snow, which can slow melting, said Andrew Schwartz, lead scientist at the UC Berkeley Central Sierra Snow Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this past weekend’s storm represents the single snowiest day in May in recorded history in some parts of the Sierra, it’s not enough to totally prevent melting overall as temperatures heat up. Schwartz said if the warm temperatures last for weeks, major melting could occur, threatening the life of the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That could create a lot of snowmelt … but it’s not necessarily anything that’s throwing up red flags for us right now,” he said.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1992513,science_1991123,science_1991417","label":"Related Stories "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe warmer conditions are expected to last more than a week before a slight chance of wetter weather as storm season gives way to a “summertime pattern,” according to Behringer, the NWS meteorologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the cool days turn into hot days, Schwartz noted that an abnormal snowfall followed by a drying pattern is a “signature” of a warming world marked by human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Increased severity of events is definitely a fingerprint of climate change, but it’s not the whole story,” he said. “In these shoulder seasons, we occasionally have large snowfall events, and that’s happened for a long time. So, it’s kind of both natural variability and the climate change component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992597/from-storms-to-sunscreen-bay-area-weather-turnaround-is-here","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_182","science_4417","science_309","science_107","science_2878","science_201","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1992604","label":"science"},"science_1955623":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1955623","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1955623","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-neverending-battle-over-martins-beach-explained","title":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained","publishDate":1578902537,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Coastal Commission and the State Lands Commission continue their battle with Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Khosla over public access to Martins Beach on the San Mateo County coast. For 100 years, Bay Area families have been going to this beach, seven miles south of Half Moon Bay, to fish, swim and picnic. The only way onto this scenic beach is a single road through private property. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, bought the land surrounding Martins Beach in 2008, he restricted access to that road by displaying “No Trespassing” signs, charging parking fees, and locking its access gate. This newest lawsuit continues a 10-year conflict that could affect land-access rights throughout California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Paul Rogers\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/01/06/martins-beach-california-sues-billionaire-vinod-khosla-over-public-access/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the Mercury News, where he writes about the environment. He and KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the latest developments and long history surrounding Martins Beach. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s at the center of this newest lawsuit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under a legal doctrine in California called \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=SSEZXsfcJYT-9AOpy5mIBg&q=implied+dedication&oq=implied+dedication&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l2j0i22i30l8.2317.4585..4815...0.0..0.120.1198.16j2......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i131j0i70i249j0i22i10i30.Koki5eX5LGg&ved=0ahUKEwiHpbahr_rmAhUEP30KHallBmEQ4dUDCAg&uact=5&safe=active&ssui=on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">implied dedication\u003c/a>, public use of a road for five years or more without restrictions establishes a permanent legal right to the road. Khosla argues that people never had that right because, for years before he bought the land surrounding the beach, its former owners charged a parking fee. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last year in a separate lawsuit, a state appeals court agreed with Khosla. But the Coastal Commission is now arguing that the court didn’t consider all the evidence. For this new lawsuit, to demonstrate that people routinely used the access road without paying, the Coastal Commission has collected a century of photographs, journal entries, letters and the like from 230 families.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This is just one beach. Why is \u003c/b>\u003cb>this\u003c/b>\u003cb> case such a big deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental groups and beachgoers say that what happens at Martins Beach could set a precedent that would allow very wealthy people in other parts of California — Malibu for example — to block access to public lands. Khosla has argued that he’s sticking up for his private property rights. Just as people have no right to walk through a landowner’s backyard without permission, he contends that they have no right to use the road through his property. This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Didn’t Khosla already lose a case that went all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two years ago, the nation’s highest court refused to hear an appeal of a case that Khosla lost in three lower courts in California. The landowner had argued that he did not need a permit to close the gate to the access road running through his property to the beach. But California’s coastal law is pretty clear. Property owners need permits from the Coastal Commission not only when they build houses near the beach, but also if they change public access to the beach. So Khosla lost that case. Since then, he has opened the gate most days and he allows people who pay a $10 parking fee to drive to the beach.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How will the result of this latest lawsuit affect the fight over this beach?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a really big juncture in this long-running battle because a win for Khosla would establish that there is no legal public right to use that road. Such a decision would make it easier for him to get a permit to close the gate from the Coastal Commission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the state wins, there’s almost no way that the Coastal Commission is going to grant that Khosla permit. Commissioners would argue that the public right to that road existed for decades. Additionally, the commission would probably prevent Khosla from charging the $10 parking fee. Potentially, it could fine him $20 million or more. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if California loses this case, the State Lands Commission could try to seize the road or access to it by eminent domain.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The conflict between the state of California and a Silicon Valley billionaire over a beach on the San Mateo County coast is at an important juncture. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847915,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":713},"headData":{"title":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained | KQED","description":"The conflict between the state of California and a Silicon Valley billionaire over a beach on the San Mateo County coast is at an important juncture. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Never-ending Battle Over Martins Beach Explained","datePublished":"2020-01-13T08:02:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:51:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Land Use","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":286,"path":"/science/1955623/the-neverending-battle-over-martins-beach-explained","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2020/01/Rogers2wayMartinsBeach.mp3","audioDuration":286000,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Coastal Commission and the State Lands Commission continue their battle with Silicon Valley billionaire Vinod Khosla over public access to Martins Beach on the San Mateo County coast. For 100 years, Bay Area families have been going to this beach, seven miles south of Half Moon Bay, to fish, swim and picnic. The only way onto this scenic beach is a single road through private property. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, bought the land surrounding Martins Beach in 2008, he restricted access to that road by displaying “No Trespassing” signs, charging parking fees, and locking its access gate. This newest lawsuit continues a 10-year conflict that could affect land-access rights throughout California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Paul Rogers\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, managing editor of KQED Science, has been covering the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/01/06/martins-beach-california-sues-billionaire-vinod-khosla-over-public-access/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the Mercury News, where he writes about the environment. He and KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the latest developments and long history surrounding Martins Beach. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What’s at the center of this newest lawsuit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under a legal doctrine in California called \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=SSEZXsfcJYT-9AOpy5mIBg&q=implied+dedication&oq=implied+dedication&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l2j0i22i30l8.2317.4585..4815...0.0..0.120.1198.16j2......0....1..gws-wiz.......0i131j0i70i249j0i22i10i30.Koki5eX5LGg&ved=0ahUKEwiHpbahr_rmAhUEP30KHallBmEQ4dUDCAg&uact=5&safe=active&ssui=on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">implied dedication\u003c/a>, public use of a road for five years or more without restrictions establishes a permanent legal right to the road. Khosla argues that people never had that right because, for years before he bought the land surrounding the beach, its former owners charged a parking fee. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":" This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. ","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last year in a separate lawsuit, a state appeals court agreed with Khosla. But the Coastal Commission is now arguing that the court didn’t consider all the evidence. For this new lawsuit, to demonstrate that people routinely used the access road without paying, the Coastal Commission has collected a century of photographs, journal entries, letters and the like from 230 families.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>This is just one beach. Why is \u003c/b>\u003cb>this\u003c/b>\u003cb> case such a big deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental groups and beachgoers say that what happens at Martins Beach could set a precedent that would allow very wealthy people in other parts of California — Malibu for example — to block access to public lands. Khosla has argued that he’s sticking up for his private property rights. Just as people have no right to walk through a landowner’s backyard without permission, he contends that they have no right to use the road through his property. This case represents a big clash between two rights: private property and free access to California’s coastline. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Didn’t Khosla already lose a case that went all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two years ago, the nation’s highest court refused to hear an appeal of a case that Khosla lost in three lower courts in California. The landowner had argued that he did not need a permit to close the gate to the access road running through his property to the beach. But California’s coastal law is pretty clear. Property owners need permits from the Coastal Commission not only when they build houses near the beach, but also if they change public access to the beach. So Khosla lost that case. Since then, he has opened the gate most days and he allows people who pay a $10 parking fee to drive to the beach.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How will the result of this latest lawsuit affect the fight over this beach?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s a really big juncture in this long-running battle because a win for Khosla would establish that there is no legal public right to use that road. Such a decision would make it easier for him to get a permit to close the gate from the Coastal Commission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the state wins, there’s almost no way that the Coastal Commission is going to grant that Khosla permit. Commissioners would argue that the public right to that road existed for decades. Additionally, the commission would probably prevent Khosla from charging the $10 parking fee. Potentially, it could fine him $20 million or more. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if California loses this case, the State Lands Commission could try to seize the road or access to it by eminent domain.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1955623/the-neverending-battle-over-martins-beach-explained","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_40","science_2873","science_3423"],"tags":["science_715","science_192","science_3370","science_1159","science_968"],"featImg":"science_12935","label":"source_science_1955623"},"science_1941506":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1941506","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1941506","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-face-mites-really-grow-on-you","title":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You","publishDate":1558443627,"format":"video","headTitle":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]I hate to break this to you, but you almost certainly have tiny mites living in the pores in your face right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called Demodex. And pretty much every adult human alive has a population of these mites living on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also called eyelash mites, they’re too small to see with the naked eye. They’re mostly transparent, and at about .3 millimeters long, it would take about five face adult mites laid end to end to stretch across the head of a pin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like kind of like stubby little worms,” said Michelle Trautwein, an entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein studies our relationship with these microscopic stowaways by looking at their DNA. Her findings so far show that people in different parts of the world have different face mites living in the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell a story of your own ancestry and also a story of more ancient human history and migration,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein of the California Academy of Sciences studies face mites using microscopes and genetic testing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We use a little spoon and scrape it across the kind of greasier parts of someone’s face — which isn’t as bad as it sounds,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once she has collected the samples, she takes them back to the lab to look at the genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein has found DNA evidence of face mites on every one of more than 2,000 people she has tested, including tourists from all around the world who make their way to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one is thrilled at the initial notion that they have arachnids on their face,” Trautwein said. “But people are often curious — even in their revulsion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could these creatures live on so many people and still go unnoticed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941533 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face mites make their home in the follicles found at the root of the peach fuzz that covers most human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look closely and you’ll see that in addition to the more obvious body and head hair, human skin is covered in a thin, barely visible layer of peach fuzz called vellus hairs. There are a few notable exceptions, such as the palms of our hands and soles of our feet, but other than that our entire bodies are covered in that fuzz. The shaft of each one of those tiny hairs grows out of its own follicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face mites spend their days face-down inside your hair follicles nestled up against the hair shaft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eat sebum, that greasy oil your skin makes to protect itself and keep it from drying out. The sebum is produced in sebaceous glands, which empty into the hair follicles, coating both the hair shaft and face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the greasiest parts of your body — like around the eyes, nose and mouth — likely harbor a higher concentration of mites than other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They live about two weeks. They spend most of their time tucked inside our pores. But while we’re sleeping, they crawl out onto the surface of our skin to mate before crawling back into our pores to lay their eggs. Fun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they live inside your pores, you can’t scrub them off by washing. It’s basically impossible to get rid of all of your face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does Trautwein study them? With glue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lindsay Palaima bravely volunteers to have a slide covered in glue stuck to her forehead in order to capture face mites growing in her pores. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I actually put glue on a glass microscope slide and stick it onto a person’s forehead,” she said. “Then I slowly peel it off. I look under a microscope for mites that are stuck in the follicles that stick up from the thin layer of skin that got peeled off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be pretty addictive and exciting,” she added. “It’s sort of a meditative process of looking through this microforest of follicles and hairs, and looking for just the right potential movement or shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941538 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demodex face mite seen writhing around in the root of a human hair follicle, observed under a microscope. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These Demodex face mites got their name from the Greek words for “fat” and “boring worm,” but they’re not really worms at all. They’re actually arachnids — related to ticks — and more distantly to spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have face mites on them and never notice. It seems that our immune system is able to keep their numbers in check. But some people can experience problems with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you tell patients that they have face mites, first of all, they freak out,” said Dr. Kanade Shinkai, a dermatologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinkai occasionally treats patients who have an overload of face mites, which results in a condition called demodicosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very particular look to people suffering from demodicosis. We call it the Demodex frost,” she said. “It’s sort of a white sheen on the skin. And if you look really closely, you can see coming out of every pore. If you scrape those pores, you can see it frothing with little Demodex face mites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty rare condition and it’s often connected to a change in someone’s immune system, such as receiving immunosuppressive drugs after transplant surgery, chemotherapy or immunodeficiency diseases like HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demodicosis can also be triggered by local suppression of the immune system, like when itch-relieving hydrocortisone cream is used on the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it does happen, demodicosis usually comes on fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patients almost universally describe this explosive development of pustules like whiteheads on their face. It’s really dramatic,” Shinkai said. “And what’s really dramatic about it is that they’re often fine the day before, and then they develop it, overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast majority of people, face mites are nothing to worry about. While some studies have found loose connections between Demodex and diseases like rosacea, the evidence hasn’t shown a strong link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really confusing is that if you go into your office and scrape everyone’s face, you would find Demodex probably on everybody,” Shinkai said. “And people who have low burden of Demodex may have no or very severe disease and vice versa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein also sees face mites as more of a source of interest than fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not dangerous in a broad sense because we all have them and most of us seem to be cohabiting quite well with them,” Trautwein said. “We mostly share them within family units and it seems like you are probably initially colonized soon after birth, most likely by your mother, traditionally speaking in human history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at these mites, researchers like Trautwein can usually tell something about your geographical ancestry — what part of the world your ancestors came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941715 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-768x374.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1200x584.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg 1285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein has found that several genetically distinct groups of Demodex face mites (represented by different colors on this map) exist in different geographic areas. \u003ccite>(Michelle Trautwein/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Face mites are definitely the species of animal that we have the closest connection with as humans, even though most of us don’t know about them or ever see one in our lifetime,” she said. “We still have this very ancient and intimate relationship, and it seems clear that we’ve had these face mite species with us for all of our history. So they are as old as our species, as old as homo sapiens.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Yep, you probably have Demodex mites living on your face. These tiny arachnids feast on sebum, the greasy oil in your pores. But should you be worried about your eight-legged guests? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848665,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1341},"headData":{"title":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You | KQED","description":"Yep, you probably have Demodex mites living on your face. These tiny arachnids feast on sebum, the greasy oil in your pores. But should you be worried about your eight-legged guests? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You","datePublished":"2019-05-21T13:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:04:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/YW2eGaUzq7E","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1941506/these-face-mites-really-grow-on-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>I hate to break this to you, but you almost certainly have tiny mites living in the pores in your face right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called Demodex. And pretty much every adult human alive has a population of these mites living on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also called eyelash mites, they’re too small to see with the naked eye. They’re mostly transparent, and at about .3 millimeters long, it would take about five face adult mites laid end to end to stretch across the head of a pin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like kind of like stubby little worms,” said Michelle Trautwein, an entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein studies our relationship with these microscopic stowaways by looking at their DNA. Her findings so far show that people in different parts of the world have different face mites living in the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell a story of your own ancestry and also a story of more ancient human history and migration,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein of the California Academy of Sciences studies face mites using microscopes and genetic testing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We use a little spoon and scrape it across the kind of greasier parts of someone’s face — which isn’t as bad as it sounds,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once she has collected the samples, she takes them back to the lab to look at the genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein has found DNA evidence of face mites on every one of more than 2,000 people she has tested, including tourists from all around the world who make their way to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one is thrilled at the initial notion that they have arachnids on their face,” Trautwein said. “But people are often curious — even in their revulsion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could these creatures live on so many people and still go unnoticed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941533 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face mites make their home in the follicles found at the root of the peach fuzz that covers most human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look closely and you’ll see that in addition to the more obvious body and head hair, human skin is covered in a thin, barely visible layer of peach fuzz called vellus hairs. There are a few notable exceptions, such as the palms of our hands and soles of our feet, but other than that our entire bodies are covered in that fuzz. The shaft of each one of those tiny hairs grows out of its own follicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face mites spend their days face-down inside your hair follicles nestled up against the hair shaft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eat sebum, that greasy oil your skin makes to protect itself and keep it from drying out. The sebum is produced in sebaceous glands, which empty into the hair follicles, coating both the hair shaft and face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the greasiest parts of your body — like around the eyes, nose and mouth — likely harbor a higher concentration of mites than other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They live about two weeks. They spend most of their time tucked inside our pores. But while we’re sleeping, they crawl out onto the surface of our skin to mate before crawling back into our pores to lay their eggs. Fun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they live inside your pores, you can’t scrub them off by washing. It’s basically impossible to get rid of all of your face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does Trautwein study them? With glue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lindsay Palaima bravely volunteers to have a slide covered in glue stuck to her forehead in order to capture face mites growing in her pores. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I actually put glue on a glass microscope slide and stick it onto a person’s forehead,” she said. “Then I slowly peel it off. I look under a microscope for mites that are stuck in the follicles that stick up from the thin layer of skin that got peeled off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be pretty addictive and exciting,” she added. “It’s sort of a meditative process of looking through this microforest of follicles and hairs, and looking for just the right potential movement or shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941538 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demodex face mite seen writhing around in the root of a human hair follicle, observed under a microscope. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These Demodex face mites got their name from the Greek words for “fat” and “boring worm,” but they’re not really worms at all. They’re actually arachnids — related to ticks — and more distantly to spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have face mites on them and never notice. It seems that our immune system is able to keep their numbers in check. But some people can experience problems with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you tell patients that they have face mites, first of all, they freak out,” said Dr. Kanade Shinkai, a dermatologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinkai occasionally treats patients who have an overload of face mites, which results in a condition called demodicosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very particular look to people suffering from demodicosis. We call it the Demodex frost,” she said. “It’s sort of a white sheen on the skin. And if you look really closely, you can see coming out of every pore. If you scrape those pores, you can see it frothing with little Demodex face mites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty rare condition and it’s often connected to a change in someone’s immune system, such as receiving immunosuppressive drugs after transplant surgery, chemotherapy or immunodeficiency diseases like HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demodicosis can also be triggered by local suppression of the immune system, like when itch-relieving hydrocortisone cream is used on the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it does happen, demodicosis usually comes on fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patients almost universally describe this explosive development of pustules like whiteheads on their face. It’s really dramatic,” Shinkai said. “And what’s really dramatic about it is that they’re often fine the day before, and then they develop it, overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast majority of people, face mites are nothing to worry about. While some studies have found loose connections between Demodex and diseases like rosacea, the evidence hasn’t shown a strong link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really confusing is that if you go into your office and scrape everyone’s face, you would find Demodex probably on everybody,” Shinkai said. “And people who have low burden of Demodex may have no or very severe disease and vice versa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein also sees face mites as more of a source of interest than fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not dangerous in a broad sense because we all have them and most of us seem to be cohabiting quite well with them,” Trautwein said. “We mostly share them within family units and it seems like you are probably initially colonized soon after birth, most likely by your mother, traditionally speaking in human history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at these mites, researchers like Trautwein can usually tell something about your geographical ancestry — what part of the world your ancestors came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941715 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-768x374.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1200x584.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg 1285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein has found that several genetically distinct groups of Demodex face mites (represented by different colors on this map) exist in different geographic areas. \u003ccite>(Michelle Trautwein/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Face mites are definitely the species of animal that we have the closest connection with as humans, even though most of us don’t know about them or ever see one in our lifetime,” she said. “We still have this very ancient and intimate relationship, and it seems clear that we’ve had these face mite species with us for all of our history. So they are as old as our species, as old as homo sapiens.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1941506/these-face-mites-really-grow-on-you","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_3890","science_86"],"tags":["science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1942008","label":"science_1935"},"science_1446777":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1446777","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1446777","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex","title":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex","publishDate":1489496402,"format":"video","headTitle":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The recent heavy rains in California have been good for the drought. But it’s not just people who are celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown garden snails, which originated in the Mediterranean where the climate resembles much of California’s, thrive in moist places. If it’s too cold or too dry, they hunker down in their shells and wait for a wet spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the rain, when everything’s nice and damp, like it is now, snails re-emerge. That’s when love is in the air. But the sex life of these common snails is anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they’re hermaphrodites, fitted with both male and female reproductive plumbing, and can mate with any member of their species they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds easy, but the battle of the sexes is alive and well in gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447017\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447017\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fundamental problem for snails, who are both male and female at the same time, is how you optimize both your male function and your female function,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Roth2/publications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Roth, \u003c/a>a former collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?gclid=CM_Omev1utICFQmIfgodVAkI3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> who’s now an independent snail and slug consultant in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nature, fatherhood is easier. It’s the quickest, cheapest way to pass on your genes. Motherhood requires a much greater investment of time, energy, and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Courtship is how they sort that out,” Roth said. “Who’s going to be male? Who’s going to be female? Or is it going to be shared?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With garden snails, “courtship” is somewhat euphemistic. Their idea of foreplay is to stab each other with a tiny spike called a love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the play-by-play. Snails find mates using taste and smell. By waving their upper tentacles in the air—smelling—and tapping their lower ones on the ground—tasting—they pick up on the gooey trails of potential partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they follow the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a detailed look at the many uses of slime, checkout this episode of Deep Look, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg&list=PLdKlciEDdCQBpNSC7BIONruffF_ab4cqK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1447013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\" alt=\"Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When snails meet, the tasting and smelling continue, this time with full-body contact, sometimes for hours. Call it heavy petting or extreme vetting, snails take the time to get to know their partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in this courtship is wine and roses at first—then comes the love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically called a gypsobelum, the love dart is a nail-clipping-sized needle that stays hidden in an internal sac until about half an hour before copulation begins, when the sac inverts and it’s fired, or stabbed, indiscriminately into the partner’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being stabbed by the male dart makes you more of a female-oriented partner in that courtship,” said Roth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg\" alt='Garden snails stab each other with \"love darts\" before copulation.' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden snails stab each other with “love darts” before copulation. \u003ccite>(Koene & Schulenburg 2005 BMC Evol. Biol.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The love dart is the snails’ tool for maximizing their male side. It injects hormones to prevent the other snail’s body from killing newly introduced sperm once copulation begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginal tracts. Both snails in a pairing transfer sperm, but whichever snail got in the best shot with the dart has a better chance of ultimately fertilizing eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some species, only one snail fires a love dart, but in others, like the garden snail, both do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole reproductive system is a quite a maze,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.joriskoene.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joris Koene,\u003c/a> a gastropod researcher at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can spot love darts sticking out of snails in mid-courtship, and even find them abandoned in slime puddles where mating has been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scale it up to human size and the love dart would be the equivalent of a 15-inch knife, according to Koene. Nonetheless, he’s only seen one snail die by dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make a pretty decent-sized hole in the body,” he said, “but in general, they are fine. They’re used to this, I guess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden. \u003ccite>(Jen Brady / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Besides having both boy and girl parts, they stab each other with “love darts” as a kind of foreplay.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928992,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":748},"headData":{"title":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex | KQED","description":"Besides having both boy and girl parts, they stab each other with “love darts” as a kind of foreplay.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Everything You Never Wanted to Know About Snail Sex","datePublished":"2017-03-14T13:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:23:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/UOcLaI44TXA","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1446777/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The recent heavy rains in California have been good for the drought. But it’s not just people who are celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown garden snails, which originated in the Mediterranean where the climate resembles much of California’s, thrive in moist places. If it’s too cold or too dry, they hunker down in their shells and wait for a wet spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the rain, when everything’s nice and damp, like it is now, snails re-emerge. That’s when love is in the air. But the sex life of these common snails is anything but ordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, they’re hermaphrodites, fitted with both male and female reproductive plumbing, and can mate with any member of their species they want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds easy, but the battle of the sexes is alive and well in gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447017\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447017\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-two-snails-getting-close-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails find reproductive partners by following their slime trails. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fundamental problem for snails, who are both male and female at the same time, is how you optimize both your male function and your female function,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Roth2/publications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barry Roth, \u003c/a>a former collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?gclid=CM_Omev1utICFQmIfgodVAkI3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> who’s now an independent snail and slug consultant in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nature, fatherhood is easier. It’s the quickest, cheapest way to pass on your genes. Motherhood requires a much greater investment of time, energy, and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Courtship is how they sort that out,” Roth said. “Who’s going to be male? Who’s going to be female? Or is it going to be shared?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With garden snails, “courtship” is somewhat euphemistic. Their idea of foreplay is to stab each other with a tiny spike called a love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the play-by-play. Snails find mates using taste and smell. By waving their upper tentacles in the air—smelling—and tapping their lower ones on the ground—tasting—they pick up on the gooey trails of potential partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they follow the slime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For a detailed look at the many uses of slime, checkout this episode of Deep Look, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHvCQSGanJg&list=PLdKlciEDdCQBpNSC7BIONruffF_ab4cqK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banana Slugs: Secret of the Slime.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1447013\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snails_foreplay_720.gif\" alt=\"Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate.\" width=\"720\" height=\"404\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snails spend hours smelling and tasting a potential mate. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When snails meet, the tasting and smelling continue, this time with full-body contact, sometimes for hours. Call it heavy petting or extreme vetting, snails take the time to get to know their partners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in this courtship is wine and roses at first—then comes the love dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically called a gypsobelum, the love dart is a nail-clipping-sized needle that stays hidden in an internal sac until about half an hour before copulation begins, when the sac inverts and it’s fired, or stabbed, indiscriminately into the partner’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being stabbed by the male dart makes you more of a female-oriented partner in that courtship,” said Roth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg\" alt='Garden snails stab each other with \"love darts\" before copulation.' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-garden-snail-dart-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garden snails stab each other with “love darts” before copulation. \u003ccite>(Koene & Schulenburg 2005 BMC Evol. Biol.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The love dart is the snails’ tool for maximizing their male side. It injects hormones to prevent the other snail’s body from killing newly introduced sperm once copulation begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginal tracts. Both snails in a pairing transfer sperm, but whichever snail got in the best shot with the dart has a better chance of ultimately fertilizing eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some species, only one snail fires a love dart, but in others, like the garden snail, both do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole reproductive system is a quite a maze,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.joriskoene.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joris Koene,\u003c/a> a gastropod researcher at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406-snail-copulation-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When snails copulate, two penises enter two vaginas, and they exchange sperm. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can spot love darts sticking out of snails in mid-courtship, and even find them abandoned in slime puddles where mating has been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scale it up to human size and the love dart would be the equivalent of a 15-inch knife, according to Koene. Nonetheless, he’s only seen one snail die by dart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does make a pretty decent-sized hole in the body,” he said, “but in general, they are fine. They’re used to this, I guess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1447072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1447072\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/DL406_snail-garden-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To film snails copulating, the Deep Look team built a tabletop snail love garden. \u003ccite>(Jen Brady / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1446777/everything-you-never-wanted-to-know-about-snail-sex","authors":["11090"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_40","science_86"],"tags":["science_179"],"featImg":"science_1467862","label":"science_1935"},"science_1940697":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1940697","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1940697","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ever-wake-up-frozen-in-the-middle-of-the-night-with-a-shadowy-figure-in-the-room-thats-sleep-paralysis","title":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room?","publishDate":1556541014,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: The following story was produced by Richmond High School students for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Youth Takeover\u003c/span>\u003c/a> week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re asleep and you suddenly open your eyes. You try to reposition yourself, but something’s wrong. Your body won’t move, and it’s as if something is holding you down. You hear scratching in the corner of the room, then see a pitch-black figure. You think it’s just your mind playing tricks, until the figure starts moving, slowly. It’s getting closer. You shut your eyes, but you can hear it shuffling toward you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what sleep paralysis is like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sleep paralysis usually occurs when you’re, well, asleep, says Allen Jenkins, a psychology teacher at Richmond High School.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Your brain is telling you to go to sleep and to not move, because when you walk around in your sleep, that’s not good,” he said. “But some people have a problem with that not turning off. So when they wake up, they still can’t move.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People undergoing sleep paralysis might also feel pressure on their chest, a sense of dread and difficulty taking a breath. Some people also report experiencing hallucinations, like a shadowy figure in the darkness. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if a person experiences stimulation that doesn’t come from their environment, it can still happen within their brain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Everything you experience is perception. Your processing in your brain can be overactive,” Jenkins said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can think of it like dreaming when you’re wide awake. It seems real to you, but it just doesn’t happen to be occurring.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Leslie Saechao, a student at Richmond High School, has experienced sleep paralysis. “I felt like I saw something in the dark. It was like a figure,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 756px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"756\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg 1512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-160x197.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-800x987.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-768x948.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-1020x1259.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-972x1200.jpeg 972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nayeli Pena, Yvette Villicana and Evelyn Mendoza, Richmond High School students.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saechao recalls lying in bed awake past midnight, feeling “paralyzed,” and seeing a blurry figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident has made her “paranoid” about sleeping, so she covers her face at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sleep next to the wall so I won’t see anything,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis can occur as you fall asleep or as you wake up. It goes away by itself after a few seconds or a few minutes. People who experience this are usually in their teens, 20s and 30s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers believe sleep paralysis happens when someone’s sleep cycle is disrupted, and especially when they’re in a dream state. This occurs in the rapid eye movement or REM stage of sleep, and can be caused by anxiety and stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvette Villicaña first experienced sleep paralysis when she was in middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as overwhelming for me as other people, because I don’t see shadowy figures,” she said. “I try to move, but sometimes I can’t. And after some time, it does go away. I used to think I was the only \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one who experienced this.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> After working on this story for KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\">Youth Takeover\u003c/a>,” Villicaña says it’s good to know she’s not alone, but it’s tough to realize other people have more traumatic experiences because of their hallucinations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis is harmless by itself but can lead to insomnia or narcolepsy, a more serious condition that causes uncontrollable sleepiness during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can try to stop sleep paralysis by avoiding naps and not sleeping on your back, because it makes you feel vulnerable. Consult a mental health professional for stress or anxiety. And if it doesn’t go away, seek help from a sleep specialist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You wake up in the middle of the night and see a pitch-black figure. It must be your mind playing tricks. But then the figure starts moving toward you, and you feel frozen. What's going on, here? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848716,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":653},"headData":{"title":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room? | KQED","description":"You wake up in the middle of the night and see a pitch-black figure. It must be your mind playing tricks. But then the figure starts moving toward you, and you feel frozen. What's going on, here? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room?","datePublished":"2019-04-29T12:30:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:05:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"byline_science_1940697","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_science_1940697","name":"\u003cstrong>Nayeli Peña, Evelyn Mendoza and Yvette Villicaña\u003cbr>Richmond High School\u003c/strong>","isLoading":false}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/nighmare-1020x826.jpeg","width":1020,"height":826,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"ogImageWidth":"1020","ogImageHeight":"826","twitterImageUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/nighmare-1020x826.jpeg","twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/nighmare-1020x826.jpeg","width":1020,"height":826,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["featured","FeatureRadio","Freelance"]}},"source":"KQED Youth Takeover","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/04/YTOSleepParalysis.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Nayeli Peña, Evelyn Mendoza and Yvette Villicaña\u003cbr>Richmond High School\u003c/strong>","audioTrackLength":286,"path":"/science/1940697/ever-wake-up-frozen-in-the-middle-of-the-night-with-a-shadowy-figure-in-the-room-thats-sleep-paralysis","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: The following story was produced by Richmond High School students for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Youth Takeover\u003c/span>\u003c/a> week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re asleep and you suddenly open your eyes. You try to reposition yourself, but something’s wrong. Your body won’t move, and it’s as if something is holding you down. You hear scratching in the corner of the room, then see a pitch-black figure. You think it’s just your mind playing tricks, until the figure starts moving, slowly. It’s getting closer. You shut your eyes, but you can hear it shuffling toward you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what sleep paralysis is like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sleep paralysis usually occurs when you’re, well, asleep, says Allen Jenkins, a psychology teacher at Richmond High School.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Your brain is telling you to go to sleep and to not move, because when you walk around in your sleep, that’s not good,” he said. “But some people have a problem with that not turning off. So when they wake up, they still can’t move.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People undergoing sleep paralysis might also feel pressure on their chest, a sense of dread and difficulty taking a breath. Some people also report experiencing hallucinations, like a shadowy figure in the darkness. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if a person experiences stimulation that doesn’t come from their environment, it can still happen within their brain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Everything you experience is perception. Your processing in your brain can be overactive,” Jenkins said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can think of it like dreaming when you’re wide awake. It seems real to you, but it just doesn’t happen to be occurring.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Leslie Saechao, a student at Richmond High School, has experienced sleep paralysis. “I felt like I saw something in the dark. It was like a figure,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 756px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"756\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg 1512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-160x197.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-800x987.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-768x948.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-1020x1259.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-972x1200.jpeg 972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nayeli Pena, Yvette Villicana and Evelyn Mendoza, Richmond High School students.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saechao recalls lying in bed awake past midnight, feeling “paralyzed,” and seeing a blurry figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident has made her “paranoid” about sleeping, so she covers her face at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sleep next to the wall so I won’t see anything,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis can occur as you fall asleep or as you wake up. It goes away by itself after a few seconds or a few minutes. People who experience this are usually in their teens, 20s and 30s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers believe sleep paralysis happens when someone’s sleep cycle is disrupted, and especially when they’re in a dream state. This occurs in the rapid eye movement or REM stage of sleep, and can be caused by anxiety and stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvette Villicaña first experienced sleep paralysis when she was in middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as overwhelming for me as other people, because I don’t see shadowy figures,” she said. “I try to move, but sometimes I can’t. And after some time, it does go away. I used to think I was the only \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one who experienced this.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> After working on this story for KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\">Youth Takeover\u003c/a>,” Villicaña says it’s good to know she’s not alone, but it’s tough to realize other people have more traumatic experiences because of their hallucinations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis is harmless by itself but can lead to insomnia or narcolepsy, a more serious condition that causes uncontrollable sleepiness during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can try to stop sleep paralysis by avoiding naps and not sleeping on your back, because it makes you feel vulnerable. Consult a mental health professional for stress or anxiety. And if it doesn’t go away, seek help from a sleep specialist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1940697/ever-wake-up-frozen-in-the-middle-of-the-night-with-a-shadowy-figure-in-the-room-thats-sleep-paralysis","authors":["byline_science_1940697"],"categories":["science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3833","science_3834"],"featImg":"science_1940725","label":"source_science_1940697","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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